Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl: A propósito de un caso / Bardet-Biedl syndrome: About a case

El síndrome de Bardet-Biedl (SBB) es una entidad poco frecuente, con gran heterogeneidad clínica y genética. Pertenece a las ciliopatías y tiene un modo de herencia autosómico recesivo. Hasta la fecha se han identificado más de 26 genes asociados. Afecta múltiples sistemas con compromiso oftalmológico, renal, cognitivo, esquelético, gonadal y ponderal. Su diagnóstico se basa en criterios clínicos y se confirma mediante estudios genéticos específicos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 2 años y 7 meses de edad, con polidactilia, obesidad, retraso del neurodesarrollo y afección renal en quien se arribó al diagnóstico clínico de SBB con posterior confirmación mediante estudio molecular. Se detectó una variante patogénica en homocigosis en el gen BBS2. La sospecha y confirmación diagnóstica permitieron el manejo adecuado del paciente, planificar el seguimiento apropiado y completar el asesoramiento genético familiar

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare entity that holds a great clinical and genetic heterogeneity. It is a ciliopathy and has an autosomal recessive inheritance. To this day more than 26 associated genes have been identified. It affects multiple aspects predominantly ophthalmological, renal, cognitive, skeletal, gonadal and weight. The diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and confirmed by specific genetic studies. We describe a case of a 2-year-and 7 month old patient with polydactyly, obe39 sity, neurodevelopmental delay and kidney dysplasia in which clinical diagnosis was suspected by criteria and subsequently has confirmation by molecular study. An homozygous pathogenic variant was detected in the BBS2 gene. The diagnostic suspicion and later confirmation allowed the proper management of this patient as well as an appropriate follow-up and complete genetic family counseling

Síndrome de Bardet Biedl: a propósito de un caso / Bardet Biedl syndrome: a case report

El síndrome de Bardet Biedl es un síndrome genético de herencia autosómica recesiva con compromiso multisistémico y gran variabilidad en su presentación clínica; son características la obesidad, la polidactilia, el hipogonadismo y las alteraciones renales, visuales y cognitivas. Pertenece a las llamadas ciliopatías. El diagnóstico es clínico y puede ser confirmado por estudios genéticos. No existe un tratamiento específico de la patología; se requiere un abordaje multidisciplinario. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 13 años con obesidad e hiperfagia, diabetes tipo 2, hipotiroidismo, polidactilia, alteraciones del aprendizaje y alteraciones visuales. Se le realizó un panel genético para obesidad en el que se detectaron dos variantes heterocigotas patológicas en el gen BBS2.

Bardet Biedl syndrome is an autosomal recessive ciliopathie. It is a pleiotropic disorder characterised by retinal dystrophy, renal dysfunction, polydactyly, obesity, cognitive deficitand hypogenitalism. Diagnosis is based on clinical features. Molecular genetic testing is available. There is no specific treatment, a multidisciplinary approach is required. We report the case of a 13-year-old female patient with obesity and hyperphagia, type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, polydactyly,cognitive deficit and visual impairment. A multigenic panel allowed the identification of two heterozygous pathogenic variants in the BBS2 gene.

Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome with BBS9 Gene Mutation in a Korean Patient

No abstract available.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome protein-8 is involved in flagellar membrane protein transport in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / 生物工程学报

Cilia and flagella on eukaryotic cells are polarized organelles extending from the surfaces of cells, which participate not only in cell motility, but also in signal transduction and other processes. Structural or functional abnormalities of cilia can cause various human diseases, termed ciliopathies. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a ciliopathic human genetic disorder, and the pathogenesis is that mutated BBS genes result in abnormal cilia function. In order to study the pathogenic genes BBS8, we screened bbs8 mutant in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and did a lot of physiology and biochemistry experiments. We affirmed that BBS8 protein was a cilia protein and had specific localization in the basal body by immunofluorescence (IF). The bbs8 mutant lost photokinesis, and it was defective in flagella shortening with drug induction. The results of silver staining and mass spectrometric analysis showed aberrant accumulation of flagellar proteins in the mutant flagella. We concluded that the BBS8 protein plays a significant role in flagellar membrane proteins transport, and the BBS8 protein might mediate retrograde transport to exert physiological function in the process.

Genetic Mutation Profiles in Korean Patients with Inherited Retinal Diseases

BACKGROUND: Because of genetically and phenotypically heterogenous features, identification of causative genes for inherited retinal diseases (IRD) is essential for diagnosis and treatment in coming gene therapy era. To date, there are no large-scale data of the genes responsible for IRD in Korea. The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of genetic defects in IRD patients in Korea. METHODS: Medical records and DNA samples from 86 clinically diagnosed IRD patients were consecutively collected between July 2011 and May 2015. We applied the next-generation sequencing strategy (gene panel) for screening 204 known pathogenic genes associated with IRD. RESULTS: Molecular diagnoses were made in 38/86 (44.2%) IRD patients: 18/44 (40.9%) retinitis pigmentosa (RP), 8/22 (36.4%) cone dystrophy, 6/7 (85.7%) Stargardt disease, 1/1 (100%) Best disease, 1/1 (100%) Bardet-Biedl syndrome, 1/1 (100%) congenital stationary night blindness, 1/1 (100%) choroideremia, and 2/8 (25%) other macular dystrophies. ABCA4 was the most common causative gene associated with IRD and was responsible for causing Stargardt disease (n = 6), RP (n = 1), and cone dystrophy (n = 1). In particular, mutations in EYS were found in 4 of 14 autosomal recessive RP (29%). All cases of Stargardt disease had a mutation in the ABCA4 gene with an autosomal recessive trait. CONCLUSION: This study provided the distribution of genetic mutations responsible for causing IRD in the Korean patients. This data will serve as a reference for future genetic screening and treatment for Korean IRD patients.

Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl: série de caso e revisão da literatura / Bardet- Biedl Syndrome: case series and literature revision

Resumo A Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl é uma desordem autossômica recessiva rara, com heterogeneidade clínica e genética. As principais características são retinopatia pigmentar, obesidade, polidactilia, dificuldades de aprendizado, diversos graus de deficiência intelectual, anomalias renais e hipogonadismo. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar dois casos de síndrome de Bardet-Biedl em pacientes diagnosticados no Instituto Benjamin Constant e fazer uma revisão literária da síndrome. Revisão de prontuário e pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados do PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE e LILACS. Atualmente não há tratamento para a Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl, mas o diagnóstico precoce é importante para orientar a gestão da criança através de uma avaliação regular da pressão arterial, peso, estudos de imagiologia renais, exames oftalmológicos e apoio psicológico.

Abstract The Bardet-Biedl Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Its main characteristics are pigmentary retinopathy, obesity, polydactyly, learning disabilities, various degrees of intellectual disability, renal anomalies and hypogonadism. The objective of this study is to report two cases of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome in patients diagnosed at the Benjamin Constant Institute and to perform a literary review of the syndrome. Review of medical records and bibliographic research were made from the PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Currently, treatment for the Bardet-Biedl Syndrome does not exist, but early diagnosis is important to guide the child through a regular assessment of blood pressure, weight, renal imaging studies, eye exams and psychological support.

Variante patogénica homocigótica del gen BBS10 en un paciente con síndrome de Bardet-Biedl / A pathogenic homozygous variant of the BBS10 gene in a patient with Bardet Biedl syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de Bardet-Biedl es una enfermedad hereditaria, autosómica recesiva, con gran heterogeneidad de locus, que pertenece a las denominadas ciliopatías, denominadas así por la deficiencia funcional presente y porque las proteínas afectadas se localizan en el cilio primario. El síndrome afecta múltiples sistemas, con compromiso visual, renal, cognitivo, esquelético y gonadal, y obesidad. Este síndrome presenta una gran variabilidad intrafamiliar e interfamiliar. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente adolescente con diagnóstico de síndrome de Bardet-Biedl, así como su manejo, los resultados de la secuenciación de 22 genes y el análisis actualizado de la literatura médica. Se recopiló la información clínica y, previo consentimiento informado, se hizo la prueba de panel de secuenciación multigénica de los genes implicados. El paciente es hijo de la unión de personas consanguíneas. Fue el primer afectado en la familia y presentaba polidactilia posaxial, obesidad, micropene, retinitis pigmentaria y dificultades de aprendizaje. En el panel multigénico, se identificó la variante patogénica homocigótica c.39_46del en el gen BBS10 y otras variantes de genes BBS asociadas con la obesidad. Dado que el síndrome de Bardet-Biedl es una enfermedad huérfana rara, interpretar el pleiotropismo y la heterogeneidad de locus y de alelos, constituye un reto. La confirmación molecular permite el manejo adecuado de los pacientes, así como el seguimiento y el asesoramiento genético apropiados.

Abstract The Bardet-Biedl syndrome is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder with vast locus heterogeneity that belongs to the so-called ciliopathies, whose proteins are localized in the primary cilia and present functional deficiency. The multisystemic features of the disease include ocular, renal, cognitive, skeletal, as well as gonadal involvement and obesity, among others, with high inter- and intrafamilial variability. We describe the clinical case of an adolescent male patient with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, including the approach, the results from a 22-gene sequencing panel, and the analysis of updated scientific literature. We collected the clinical data of the patient and, after obtaining the informed consent, we conducted a multigenic sequencing panel oriented to known implicated genes. The patient was born to consanguineous parents and was the first affected member of the family. He presented with postaxial polydactyly, obesity, micropenis, retinitis pigmentosa, and learning disability. The multigenic panel allowed the identification of the homozygous pathogenic variant c.39_46del in the BBS10 gene and in other BBS genes variants associated with obesity. As the Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a rare disease, it is challenging to interpret its pleiotropism and gene/allelic heterogeneity. Its confirmation by molecular tests allows an adequate approach, follow-up, and genetic counseling of the patient and the family.

Progress of research on Bardet-Biedl syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare genetic disease caused by ciliary structure abnormality or dysfunction. To date, more than 21 BBS genes (BBS1 - 21) have been reported to independently cause the disorder. Although the cellular functions of BBS proteins are not yet fully understood, model organisms have revealed that such proteins are involved in ciliary functions and intracellular transport. Among the 21 BBS genes, BBS7 is unique in that its product is a subunit of the BBSome and can directly interact with the BBS chaperonin complex. Previous studies using animal models showed that BBS7 mutation can cause similar phenotypes to human patients, and human disease caused by BBS7 variants are special and more complex. This article reviewed recent progresses on BBS7.

Primary Cilia as a Signaling Platform for Control of Energy Metabolism

Obesity has become a common healthcare problem worldwide. Cilia are tiny hair-like organelles on the cell surface that are generated and anchored by the basal body. Non-motile primary cilia have been considered to be evolutionary rudiments until a few decades, but they are now considered as important signaling organelles because many receptors, channels, and signaling molecules are highly expressed in primary cilia. A potential role of primary cilia in metabolic regulation and body weight maintenance has been suspected based on rare genetic disorders termed as ciliopathy, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, which manifest as obesity. Recent studies have demonstrated involvement of cilia-related cellular signaling pathways in transducing metabolic information in hypothalamic neurons and in determining cellular fate during adipose tissue development. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about cilia and cilia-associated signaling pathways in the regulation of body metabolism.

Progress of research on the pathogenesis of obesity in Bardet-Biedl syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by retinopathy, obesity, and polydactyly. So far 21 candidate genes have been discovered, and mutations of such genes can all cause the BBS phenotype. As one of the main features of the disease, the obesity in BBS has been associated with leptin resistance and abnormal adipogenesis. However, its molecular etiology is not yet completely clear. Here the molecular mechanism of BBS-associated obesity is reviewed.

Identification of Two Cases of Ciliopathy-Associated Diabetes and Their Mutation Analysis Using Whole Exome Sequencing

BACKGROUND: Alstrom syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome are autosomal recessively inherited ciliopathies with common characteristics of obesity, diabetes, and blindness. Alstrom syndrome is caused by a mutation in the ALMS1 gene, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome is caused by mutations in BBS1-16 genes. Herein we report genetically confirmed cases of Alstrom syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome in Korea using whole exome sequencing. METHODS: Exome capture was done using SureSelect Human All Exon Kit V4+UTRs (Agilent Technologies). HiSeq2000 system (Illumina) was used for massive parallel sequencing. Sanger sequencing was used for genotype confirmation and familial cosegregation analysis. RESULTS: A 21-year old Korean woman was clinically diagnosed with Alstrom syndrome. She had diabetes, blindness, obesity, severe insulin resistance, and hearing loss. Whole exome sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation in exon 10 of ALMS1 (c.8776C>T, p.R2926X) and a seven base-pair deletion resulting in frameshift mutation in exon 8 (c.6410_6416del, p.2137_2139del). A 24-year-old Korean man had Bardet-Biedl syndrome with diabetes, blindness, obesity, and a history of polydactyly. Whole exome sequencing revealed a nonsynonymous mutation in exon 11 of the BBS1 gene (c.1061A>G, p.E354G) and mutation at the normal splicing recognition site of exon 7 of the BBS1 gene (c.519-1G>T). CONCLUSION: We found novel compound heterozygous mutations of Alstrom syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome using whole exome sequencing. The whole exome sequencing successfully identified novel genetic variants of ciliopathy-associated diabetes.

Identification of Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the BBS7 Gene in a Korean Family with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

No abstract available.

Report of four cases of Bardet-Biedl syndrome / Relato de quatro casos da síndrome de Bardet-Biedl

Bardet-Biedl syndrome is rare. Although its diagnosis depends on cardinal clinical manifestations which appear in childhood, we report four cases of Bardet-Biedl syndrome lately diagnosed in a dialysis center. Three cases were diagnosed in end-stage renal disease patients when they started maintenance hemodialysis, and one case was diagnosed through screening among hemodialysis patients' relatives. Although pediatricians have more opportunity to diagnose the syndrome, nephrologists are important during the treatment, since renal failure is the main cause of death among Bardet-Biedl syndrome patients. Moreover, late diagnosis of the syndrome among patients with end-stage renal disease can help to detect new cases through the screening among hemodialysis patients' relatives.

A síndrome de Bardet-Biedl é rara. Embora seu diagnóstico seja baseado em manifestações cardinais que aparecem na infância, relatamos quatro casos de síndrome de Bardet-Biedl diagnosticados tardiamente em uma unidade de diálise. Três casos foram diagnosticados em pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal quando iniciaram hemodiálise de manutenção, e um caso diagnosticado por meio de rastreamento dos parentes dos casos em diálise. Embora pediatras tenham mais oportunidade para diagnosticar a síndrome, nefrologistas são importantes durante o tratamento, já que a insuficiência renal é a principal causa de óbito entre os pacientes com síndrome de Bardet-Biedl. Além disso, o diagnóstico tardio da síndrome entre pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal pode ajudar a detecção de casos novos por meio do rastreamento de parentes dos pacientes em hemodiálise.

Clinical features of Bardet-Biedl syndrome with renal abnormalities as initial manifestations / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical characteristics and diagnostic methods of rare autosomal recessive inherited Bardet-Biedl syndrome in patients presented with renal abnormalities.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Comprehensive analyses were performed on data of 4 confirmed Bardet-Biedl syndrome cases seen at nephrology department of Beijing Children Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, including clinical features, laboratory examination and diagnostic criteria.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>(1) Four cases were confirmed to meet Bardet-Biedl syndrome diagnostic criteria (male: female = 1: 1): first diagnosis age was 10 y, 9 y 8 m, 10 y 10 m, 8 y 2 m. (2) Cases 1, 2, and 3 had a history of polyuria and polydipsia, cases 4 began with edema and oliguria. (3) All had slight change in urine routine test. Case 3 and Case 4 were presented with small to medium amount of proteinuria. None had microscopic hematuria. (4) All had different degree of renal injury, Case 1 and 3 were at the third phase of chronic kidney disease (CKD), Case 4 was at the fourth phase of CKD, Case 4 was at the fifth phase of CKD and needed dialysis. (5) All cases had obvious abnormalities of urinary tract ultrasound, 3 of them had chronic diffuse lesions with cyst formation of both kidneys. The rest one had dysplasia of right kidney and fused kidney. (6) All cases were presented with vision loss with 100% of electroretinogram abnormalities and 50% of fundus examination abnormalities. (7) Three cases were presented with obesity. (8) Multiple organs were involved in all cases, including electrocardiographic abnormality and/or thickening of the left ventricular wall (4/4) , polydactyly (2/4) , small penis and testicles (2/4) and short stature (2/4) .</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Clinical manifestations of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) conceals, routine urine test changes slightly, abnormalities of renal structure and (or) tubular interstitial function is a typical manifestation of children with BBS. Urinary tract ultrasound screening may show diffuse lesions with double kidney with cyst formation or structural abnormalities. Clinical manifestation accompany with retinal degeneration, obesity, myocardial involvement, polydactyly, and hypogonadism.</p>

Retinal findings in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#We report three cases of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) among which a young female and two siblings from a separate family, presented with common features of obesity, postaxial (ulnar) polydactyly, speech delay, developmental delay with learning difficulties and progressive deterioration of vision. Fundus examination revealed maculopathy and other remarkable findings in these patients. In this image of endocrinology, we describe the BBS phenotypes of these cases highlighting the fundus photography features with a plan for close follow up on obesity and endocrine complications.

Two siblings with Bardet-Biedl syndrome caused by mutations in BBS10: the first case identified in Korea

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare ciliopathy generally inherited with an autosomal recessive pattern. BBS is characterized by 6 primary features namely retinal dystrophy, obesity, postaxial polydactyly, renal dysfunction, learning difficulties, and hypogonadism and a wide range of secondary features. To date, mutations in 16 genes have been identified as causative factors for BBS. Among them, the BBS1 and BBS10 genes are major disease-causing genes, and each of these gene mutations presents in more than 20% of all BBS patients. Genotype-phenotype correlations have not been observed in BBS, and there can be phenotypic overlap between BBS and other ciliopathies. In Korea, no molecular, genetically confirmed case of BBS has been reported to date. Herein, we describe the case of the first Korean siblings with BBS resulting from 2 BBS10 gene mutations who showed typical clinical phenotypes, including retinal dystrophy, obesity, intellectual disability, cystic tubular disease, and postaxial polydactyly.

A novel nonsense mutation in BBS4 gene identified in a Chinese family with Bardet-Biedl syndrome / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous disease, and information about BBS in Chinese populations is very limited. The purpose of the present study was to determine the genetic cause of BBS in a Chinese Han family.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data were recorded for the 4-year-old female proband and the available family members. The proband was screened for mutation by Sanger sequencing for a total of 142 exons of the 12 BBS-causing genes (BBS1-BBS12). The variants detected in the proband were further confirmed in the other family members.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We identified a novel homozygous nonsense mutation (c.70A>T, p.K24X) in the BBS4 gene exon 2 in the proband. Such mutant allele was predicted to cause a premature truncation in the N-terminal of the BBS4 protein, and probably induced the nonsense-mediated decay of BBS4 messenger RNAs. The proband's parents and brother were heterozygous for the nonsense mutant allele. It was absent in 50 Chinese control subjects. An additional rare heterozygous missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) named rs200718870 in BBS10 gene was also detected in the proband, her father and her brother. Some manifestations of the proband including atypical retinitis pigmentosa, choroidal sclerosis, high myopia, and early onset of obesity might be associated with this mutation in BBS4 gene. The proband's father also reported surgical removal of an extra finger during childhood.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The present study described a novel nonsense mutation in BBS4 gene in a Chinese family. This homozygous mutation was predicted to completely abolish the synthesis of the BBS4 protein. We also detected a rare heterozygous missense SNP in BBS10 gene in the family, but did not find sufficient evidence to support the triallelic inheritance.</p>

Current status and implication of research on Bardet-Biedl syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease initially reported by Bardet and Biedl in the 1920s. BBS is a pleiotropic and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by retinopathy, obesity, polydactyly, renal malformations and functional abnormalities, learning disabilities and hypogenitalism. BBS patients are also prone to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and congenital heart disease. To date, 16 BBS genes (BBS1-BBS16) have been identified. However, the molecular etiology of BBS is not yet entirely clear. In this article, we have reviewed recent research on BBS and discussed its implications for understanding of ciliopathology.

Visual acuity and retinal function in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a genetic, multisystem disorder that causes severe visual impairment. This condition is characterized by retinal dystrophy, obesity, digit anomalies, renal disease, and hypogonadism. The purpose of this study was to analyze visual acuity and full-field electroretinogram findings in patients with the Bardet-Biedl syndrome phenotype. METHODS: The visual acuity of a group of 23 patients (15 males) with ages ranging from 6-36 years (mean = 15.8±6.4; median = 14.7) was assessed. Retinal function was evaluated by full-field electroretinography, and dark-adapted thresholds were assessed. RESULTS: Visual acuity in the better-seeing eye was 20/40 or better in 5 patients (21.7 percent), 20/50-20/150 in 13 (56.5 percent) patients, 20/200-20/400 in 2 (8.7 percent) patients and worse than 20/400 in one (4.3 percent) patient. The mean acuity in the better-seeing eye was 0.7±0.6 logMAR (20/100, Snellen equivalent). Scotopic rod and maximal responses were nondetectable in 21 (91.3 percent) patients, and cone responses were non-detectable in 15 (65.2 percent) patients. Elevated darkadapted visual thresholds were observed in all 19 patients who were able to be assessed, with 10 (52.6 percent) patients having thresholds greater than 30 dB. CONCLUSIONS: In a relatively young cohort of patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, only 21 percent had 20/40 or better vision. ERG scotopic responses were absent in the majority of cases, with cone responses being observed in less than half of cases. These findings showed the early deleterious effects in retinal function and visual acuity caused by this condition.

Establishment of B lymphoblastoid cell lines of Miao pedigree with Bardet-Biedl syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines of a Miao core pedigree with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), in order to provide a long-term source of material for research.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With Epstein-Barr virus transformation of B cells and addition of cyclosporine A to inhibit the activity of T cells, fresh anticoagulated blood samples with heparin were collected from 12 members of the core pedigree, and were used to establish the immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines of B lymphocytes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twelve immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines of the core BBS pedigree were obtained successfully.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The immortalized B lymphoblastoid cell lines of the Miao pedigree with BBS can preserve the whole genome information and provide long-term research materials for BBS study.</p>